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comparative historical research
Comparative historical research is a method of social science that examines historical events in order to create explanations that are valid beyond a particular time and place, either by direct comparison to other historical events, theory building, or reference to the present day.〔Mission of the Comparative and Historical Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association. (www2.asanet.org/sectionchs/sectioninfo.html ) (Accessed 15 December 2011).〕 Generally, it involves comparisons of social processes across times and places. It overlaps with historical sociology. While the disciplines of history and sociology have always been connected, they have connected in different ways at different times (see 'Major researchers' below). This form of research may use any of several theoretical orientations. It is distinguished by the types of questions it asks, not the theoretical framework it employs (see 'Illustrations' below).
== Major researchers ==
Some commentators have identified three waves of historical comparative research.〔J. Adams, E.S. Clemens, and A.S. Orloff. 2005. ''Remaking Modernity: Politics, History, and Sociology''. Duke University Press.〕 The first wave of historical comparative research concerned how societies came to be modern, i.e. based on individual and rational action, with exact definitions varying widely. Some of the major researchers in this mode were Alexis de Tocqueville,〔For example, ''Democracy In America''. 1969 (). Trans. George Lawrence. Perennial Classics.〕 Karl Marx,〔For example, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte." 1979 (). In Marx/Engels Collected Works, Vol. 11. International Publishers. pg. 99-197.〕 Emile Durkheim,〔For example, ''The Division of Labor in Society''. 1984 (). Trans. W.D. Halls. The Free Press.〕 Max Weber,〔For example, ''Economy And Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology''. 1968 (). Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. University of California Press.〕 and W.E.B. Du Bois.〔For example, ''The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America 1638-1870''. In W.E.B. Du Bois Writings. Library of America. pg. 1-356.〕 The second wave reacted to a perceived ahistorical body of theory and sought to show how social systems were not static, but developed over time.〔D. Smith. 1991. ''The Rise of Historical Sociology''. Temple University Press.〕 Notable authors of this wave include Barrington Moore, Jr.,〔For example, ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World''. 1966. Beacon Press.〕 Theda Skocpol,〔For example, ''States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China''. 1979. Cambridge University Press.〕 Charles Tilly,〔For example, ''Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992''. 1992. Blackwell Publishing.〕 Michael Mann,〔For example, ''The Sources of Social Power'', Vols. 1-2. 1986-93. Cambridge University Press.〕 and Mark Gould.〔''Revolution in the Development of Capitalism: The Coming of the English Revolution''. 1987. University of California Press.〕 Some have placed the Annales school and Pierre Bourdieu in this general group, despite their stylistic differences.〔For example, P. Bourdieu. 1988 (). ''Homo Academicus''. Trans. Peter Collier. Stanford University Press.〕 The current wave of historical comparative research sociology is often but not exclusively post-structural in its theoretical orientation. Influential current authors include Julia Adams,〔For example, "The Rule of the Father: Patriarchy and Patrimonialism in Early Modern Europe." 2005. In ''Max Weber's Economy and Society: A Critical Companion''. Ed. C. Camic, P.S. Gorski, and D.M. Trubek. Stanford University Press〕 Anne Laura Stoler,〔''Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule''. 2002. University of California Press.〕 Philip Gorski,〔''The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe''. 2003. University of Chicago Press.〕 and James Mahoney.〔J. Mahoney. 2003. "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism." In ''Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences''. Ed. J. Mahoney and D. Rueschemeyer. Cambridge University Press.〕
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